PREFACE

As explained in the statement of object and reasons, the menace of organised crime, was on the increase and there was no effective law in she Maharashtra State to effectively control the organised crimes. Mumbai being the economic capital of India, it is a targetted centre of criminals who hoard money through illegal means. In recent years criminal activities like murders of tycoons related to film industry as well by builders, extortion of money from businessmen, abduction etc. show that criminal gangs are active in the state. To cope with them- legislation in the lines of the present law was essential. Effective measures against the misuse of law have been provided in the Act itself. It is hoped that with the passing of this law, unlawful elements spreading terrorism in the society can be controlled to great extent and it will go a long way in minimizing the teeling of fear spread in the society. 

STATEMENT OF OBJECTS AND REASONS

Organised crime has been for quite some years now come up as a very serious threat to our society. It knows no national boundaries and is fueled by illegal wealth generated by contract, killing, extortion, smuggling in contrabands, illegal trade in narcotics kidnappings for ransom, collection of protection money and money laundering, etc. The illegal wealth and black money generated by the organised crime being very huge, it has had serious adverse effect on our economy. It was seen that the organised criminal syndicates made a common cause with terrorist gangs and foster narco terrorism which extend beyond the national boundaries. There was reason to believe that organised criminal gangs have been operating in the State and thus, there was immediate need to curb their activities.

It was also noticed that the organized criminals have been making extensive use of wire and oral communications in their criminal activities. The interception of such communications to obtain evidence of the commission of crimes or to prevent their commission would be an indispensable aid to law enforcement and the administration of justice.

2. The existing legal framework i. e. the penal and procedural laws and the adjudicatory system were found to be rather inadequate to curb or control the menace of organised crime. Government, therefore, decided to enact a special law with stringent and deterrent provisions including in certain circumstances power to intercept wire, electronic or oral communication to control the menace of the organised crime.

It is the purpose of this act to achieve there objects.

CONTENTS

1. PREFACE

2. Statement of object & reasons.

3. Sections

1. Short title, extent and commencement

2. Definitions.

3. Punishment for organised crime.

4. Punishment for possessing unaccountable wealth on behalf of member of organised  crime syndicate.

5. Special Courts

6. Jurisdiction of special courts.

7. Power of special courts with respect to other offences.

8. Public prosecutor.

9. Procedure and powers of special courts.

10. Trial by special courts to have precedence.

11. Power to transfer cases to regular courts.

12. Appeal.

13. Appointment of competent Authority.

14. Authorisation of wire, electronic or oral communication.

15. Constitution of Review Committee for review of authorisation orders.

16. Interception and disclosure of wire, electronic or oral communications prohibited.

17. Special rules of evidence.

18. Certain confessions made to police officer to be taken into consideration.

19. Protection of witnesses.

20. Forfeiture and attachment of property.

21. Modified application of certain provisions of the coste.

22. Presumption as to offences under section 3.

23. Cognizance of, and investigation into, an offence.

24. Punishment for public servants failing in the discharge of their duties.

25. Overriding effect.

26. Protection of action taken in good faith.

27. Annual report of interception.

28. Power of high court to make rules.

29. Powers of State Government to makes rules.

30. Repeal of Mah. Ord. III of 1999 and saving MAHARASHTRA

CONTROL OF ORGANISED CRIME ACT, 1999

(MAHARASHTRA ACT NO 30- OF 1999)

THE ACT

To make special provisions for prevention and control of, and for coping with, criminal activity by organized crime syndicate or gang, and for matters connected there will or incidental thereto.

WHEREAS it was expedient to make special provisions for prevention and control of, and for coping with, criminal activity by organized crime syndicate or gang and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto;

AND WHEREAS, the Governor of Maharashtra was satisfied that Circumstances existed which rendered if necessary for him to take immediate action to make law, for the purposes aforesaid.

It is hereby enacted in the Fiftieth Year of the Republic of India as follows : 

1. Short title, extend and commencement-

(1) This Act may he called the Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act, 1999.

(2) It extends to the whole of the State of Maharashtra.

(3) It shall be deemed to have come into force on the 24th February 1999.

2. Definitions-

(1) In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,-

(a) "abet", with its grammatical variations and congnate expressions, includes,-

(i) the communication or association with any person with the actual knowledge or having reason to believe that such person is engaged in assisting in any manner, an organised crime syndicate; (ii) the passing on or publication of, without any lawful authority, any information likely lo assist the organised crime syndicate and the passing on or publication of or distribution of any document or matter obtained from the organised crime syndicate; and

(iii) the rendering of any assistance, whether financial or otherwise, to the organised crime Syndicate;

(b) "code" means the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973;

(c) "Competent Authority" means the Competent Authority appointed under section 13;

(d) "continuing unlawful activity" means an activity prohibited by law for the time being in force, which is a cognizable offence punishable with imprisonment of three years or more, undertaken either singly or jointly, as a member of an organised crime syndicate or on behalf of such, syndicate in respect of which more than one charge-sheets have been field before a competent Court within the preceding period of ten years and that Court has taken cognizance of such offence;

(e) "organised crime" means any continuing unlawful activity by an individual, singly or jointly, either as a member of an organised crime syndicate or on behalf of such syndicate, by use of violence or threat of violence or intimidation or coercion, or other unlawful means, with the objective of gaining pecuniary benefits, or gaining undue economic or other advantage for himself or any person or promoting insurgency;

Note 1

The expression "organised" in 2 (e) is very important. It means a Crime done by a single person in a planned way, as well as, crime committed, with the help of others in an organised way. It presupposes that the criminal, before committing the crime, has obtained complete information regarding the economic as well as social status of the person against the crime of is committed.

(f) "organised crime syndicate" means a group of two or more persons who, acting either singly or collectively, as a syndicate of gang indulge in activities of organised crime;

(g) "Special Court" means the Special Court constituted under section 5.

(2) Words and expressions used but not defined in this Act and defined in the Code shall have the meanings respectively assigned to them in the Code shall have the meanings respectively assigned to them in the code. 

3. Punishment for organised crime-

(1) Whoever commits an offence of organised crime shall,

(i) if such offence has resulted in the death of any person, be punishable with death or imprisonment for life and shall also be liable to a fine, subject to a minimum fine of rupees one lac;

(ii) in any other case, be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than five years but which may extend to imprisonment for life and shall also be liable to a fine, subject to a minimum fine of rupees five lacs.

(2) Whoever conspires or attempts to commit or advocates, abets or knowingly facilitates the commission of an organised crime or any act preparatory to organised crime, shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall be not less than five years but which may extend to imprisonment for life, and shall also be liable to a .fine, subject to a minimum of rupees five lacs.

(3) Whoever harbours or conceals or attempts to harbour or conceal, any member of an organised crime syndicate; shall be punishable, With imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than five years but which may extend to imprisonment for life and shall also be liable to a, fine, subject to a minimum fine of rupees five lacs.

(4) Any person who is a member of an organised crime syndicate shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less, than five years but which may extend to imprisonment for life and shall also be liable to a fine, subject to a minimum fine of rupees five lacs.

(5) Whoever holds any property derived of obtained from commission of an organised crime or which has been acquired through the organised crime syndicate funds shall be punishable with a term which, shall not be less than three years but which may extend to imprisonment for life and shall also be liable to fine, subject to a minimum fine of rupees two lacs. 

4. Punishment for possessing unaccountable wealth on behalf of member of organised crime syndicate.

If any person on behalf of a member of an organised crime syndicate is, or, at any time bus been, in possession of movable or immovable property which he cannot satisfactorily account for, he shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than three years but which may extend to ten years and shall also be liable to fine, subject to a minimum fine of rupees one lac and such property shall also liable for attachment and forfeiture, as provided by section 20.

Organised criminals are undoubtedly hard core criminals. They have no derth of most modern weapons. Extorting money by spreading terrorism in society is their aim. They target elite class of society. Naturally, the money they recover is of unusual proportion. The money is not spent on just causes but to derail state economy. It is therefore, essential to provide for strictest punishment. Punishment envisaged in the Act is 3 to 10 years of imprisonment which can be extended to life imprisonment. Death penalty can also be imposed on the criminals kill any one. So also a fine of 3 to 10 lacs can also be imposed.

It will be interesting to compare the criminals under this Act with criminals under recently repealed Tada Act. Criminals under both Acts differ in attitude and approach. Criminals under Tada aim at disruptive activities. They are threat to the sovereignty of Nation. On the contrary criminals under present law are extortionist.

This law also proposes punishment to those who possess any type of property accumulated through illegal means. 

5. Special Courts

(1) The State Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, constitute one or more Special Courts for such area or areas, or for such case or class or group of cases, as may be specified in the notification.

(2) Where any question arises as to the jurisdiction of any Special Court, it shall be referred to the State Government whose decision shall be final.

(3) A Special Court shall be presided over by a judge to be appointed by the State Government, with the concurrence of the Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court. The State Government may also appoint, with the concurrence of the Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court, additional judges to exercise jurisdiction in a Special Court-

(4)A person shall not be qualified for appointment as a judge or an additional judge of a Special Court, unless he immediately before such a appointment, is a sessions judge or an additional sessions judge.

(5) Where any additional judge is or additional judges are appointed in a Special Court, the judge of the Special Court may, from time to time, by general or special order in writing, provide for the distribution of the business of the Special Court among himself and the additional judge or additional judges and also for the disposal of urgent business in the event of his absence or the absence of any additional judges. 

6. Jurisdiction of Special Court

Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code, every offence. punishable under this Act shall, be triable only by the Special Court within whose local jurisdiction it was committed or at the case may be, by the Special Court constituted for trying such offence under subsection (1) of section 5. 

7. Power of Special Court with respect to other offences.

(1) When trying any offence punishable under this Act, a Special Court may also try any other offence with which the accused may, under the Code, be charged at the same trial, if the offence is connected with such other offence.

(2) If, in the course of any trial of any offence under this Act, it is found that the accused person has committed any other offence under this Act or under any other law, the Special Court may, convict, such person of such other offence and may pass any sentence authorised by this Act or, as the case may be, such other law for the punishment thereof. 

8. Public Prosecutor.

(1) For every Special Court, the State Government shall appoint a person to be the Public Prosecutor and may appoint one or more persons to be the Additional Public Prosecutor or Additional Public Prosecutors:

Provided that, the State Government may also appoint for any case or group of cases, a Special Public Prosecutor

(2) A Person shall not be qualified to be appointed as a Public Prosecutor, an Additional Public Prosecutor or a Special Public Prosecutor unless he has been in practice as an Advocate for not less than ten years.

(3) Every person appointed as a Public Prosecutor or Additional Public Prosecutor or Special Public Prosecutor, under this section shall be deemed to be a Public Prosecutor within the meaning of clause (u) of section 2 of the Code, and the provisions of the Code shall have effect accordingly. 

9. Procedure and powers of Special Court

(1) A Special Court may take cognizance of any offence without the accused being committed to it for trial, upon receiving a complaint of facts which constitute such offence or upon a police report of such facts.

(2) Where an offence triable by a Special Court is punishable with imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years or with fine or with both, the Special Court may, notwithstanding anything contained in sub- section (1) of section 260 or section 262 of the Code, try the offence in a summary way in accordance with the procedure prescribed in the Code and the provisions of section 263 to 265 of the Code shall, as far as may be, apply to such trial:

Provided that, where-in the course of a summary trial under this sub-section, it appears to the Special Court that the nature of the case is such that it is undesirable to try in a summary way, the Special Court shall recall any-witnesses who may have been examined and proceed to re-hear the case in the manner provided by the provisions of the Code for the trial of such offence and the said provisions shall apply to and in relation, to a Special Court as they apply to and relation, to a Magistrate:

Provided further that, in case of any conviction in a summary trial under this section, it shall be lawful for a Special Court to pass a sentence of imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years.

(3) A Special Court may, with a view to obtaining the evidence of any person, supposed to have been directly or indirectly concerned in or privy to an offence, tender a pardon to such person on condition of his making a full and true disclosure of the whole circumstances within his knowledge relative to the offence and to every other person concerned, whether as principal or abetter, in the commission thereof, and any pardon so tendered shall, for the purposes of section 308 of the Code, be deemed to have been tendered under section 307 thereof.

(4) Subject to other provisions of this Act, a Special Court shall; for the purpose of trial of any offence, have all the powers of a Court of Session and shall try such offence as if it were a Court of session, so far as may be, in accordance with the procedure prescribed in the Code for the trial before a Court of Session.

Note 3

Criminals under this Act is Special types of criminal and it is not in the interest of society if they move around freely in society

Therefore provisions has been made in the Act for Special Court, to expediate their cases. Qualifications, experiences& Jurisdiction of these Judges can be well compared with Judges appointed under Tada act. The Act made by the state Government has not taker away the powers of the High Court. However, this Court too, when facts are brought before it, can take cognizance of the any offeree. 

10. Trial by Special Courts to have precedence.

The trial of any offence under this Act by a Special Court shall have precedence over the trial of any other case against the accused in any other Court (not being a Special Court) and shall be concluded in preference of the trial of such other case and accordingly the trial of such other cases shall remain in abeyance. 

11. Power to transfer cases to regular Courts.

Where, after taking cognizance of an offence, a Special Court is of the opinion that the offence is not triable by it, it shall, notwithstanding that it has no jurisdiction to try such offence, transfer the case for trial of such offence to any Court having jurisdiction under the Code and the Court to which the case is transferred may proceed with the trial of the offence as if it had taken cognizance of the offence. 

12. Appeal.

(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code, an appeal shall lie from any judgement, sentence or order, not being an interlocutory order, of a Special Court to the High Court.

(2) Every appeal under this section shall be preferred within thirty days from the date of the judgement, sentence or order. 

13. Appointment of Competent Authority.

The State Government may appoint any of its officer, in Home Department not below the rank of Secretary to Government, to be the Competent Authority for the purposes of section 14. 

14. Authorization of interception of wire, electronic or oral communication.

(1) A Police officer not below the rank of Superintendent of Police Supervising the investigation of an organised crime under this Act may

submit an application in writing to the Competent Authority for an order authorising or approving the interception of wire, electronic or oral communication by the investigating officer when such interception may provide or has provided evidence of any offence involving an organised crime.

(2) Each application shall include the following information :

(a) the indentity of the investigative or law enforcement officer making the application, and the head of the department authorising the application :

(b) a statement of the facts and circumstance, relied upon by the applicant, to justify his belief that an order should be issued, including-.

(i) details as to the offence of organised crime that has been, is being, or is about to be committed;

(ii) a particular description of the nature and location of the facilities from which or the place where the communication is to be intercepted;

(iii) a particular description of the type of communications sought to be intercepted; and

(iv) the identity of the person, if known, committing the offence of organised crime whose communications are to be intercepted;

(c) a statement as to whether or not other modes of enquiry or intelligence gathering have been tried and failed or why they reasonably appear to be unlikely to succeed if tried or to be too dangerous or is likely to expose the identity of those connected with the operation of interception;

(d) a statement of the period of time for which the interception is required to be maintained. If, the nature of the enquiry is such that the authorization for interception should not automatically terminate when the described type of communication has been first obtained, a particular description of facts establishing probable cause to be believe that additional communications of the same type will occur thereafter;

(e) a statement of the facts concerning all previous applications known to the individual authorizing and making the application, made to the Competent Authority for authorization to intercept; or for approval of interceptions of, wire electronic or oral communications involving any of the same persons, facilities or places specified in the application and the action taken by the Competent Authority on each such application; and

(f) where the application is for the extension of an order, a statement setting forth the results thus far obtained from the interception, or a reasonable explanation of the failure to obtain such results.

(3) The Competent Authority may require the applicant to furnish additional oral or documentary evidence in support of the application.

(4) Upon such application, the Competent Authority may after recording the reasons in writing reject the application, or issue an order, as requested or as modified, authorising or approving interception of wire, electronic or oral communications, if the Competent Authority, on the basis of the facts submitted by the applicant that-

(a) there is a probable cause for belief that an individual is committing, has committed, or is about to commit a particular offence described and made punishable under section 3 and 4 of this Act;

(b) there is a probable cause for belief that particular communications concerning that offence will be obtained through such interception

(c) normal modes of enquiry and, intelligence gathering have been tried and have failed, or reasonably appear to be unlikely to succeed if tried or to be too dangerous or is likely to expose the identity of those connected with the operation of interception;

(d) there is probable cause for belief that the facilities from which, or the place where, the wire, electronic or oral communications are to be intercepted or be used or are about to be used, in, connection with the commission of such offence, leased to, or are listed in the name of or commonly used by such person.

(5) Each order by the Competent Authority authorizing or approving the interception of any wire, electronic or oral communication under this section shall specify-

(a) the identity of the person, if know, whose communications are to be intercepted;

(b) the nature, and location of the communication facilities as to which, or the place where, authority to intercept is granted;

(c) a particular description of the type of communication sought to be intercepted, and a statement of the particular offence to which it relates;

(d) the identity of the agency authorized, to intercept, the communications, and of the person authorizing the application; and

(e) the period of time during which such interception is authorized, including a statement as to whether or not the interception ;shall automatically terminate when the described communication has been first obtained. (6) The Competent Authority shall immediately passing the order under sub-section (4), but in any case not later than seven days from the passing of the order, submit a copy of the same to the Review Committee constituted under section 15 alongwith all the relevant underlying papers; record and his own, findings, etc; in respect of the said order, for consideration and approval of the order by the Review Committee

(7) An order authorizing the interception of a wire, electronic or oral communication under this section shall, upon request of the applicant, direct that a provider of wire or electronic communication service, landlord, custodian or other person shall furnish to the applicant fortwith all information, facilities, and technical assistance necessary to accomplish the interception unobtrusively and with a minimum of interference with the services that such service provider, landlord, custodian, or person is providing to the person whose communications are intercepted.

(8) An order issued under this section may authorize or approve the interception of any wire, electronic or oral communication for any period longer than is necessary to achieve the objective of the authorization, nor in any event longer than sixty days. Such sixty days period shall begin-on the day immediately preceding the day on which the investigative or law enforcement officer first begins to conduct an interception under the order or ten days after the order is issued, whichever is earlier. Extension of an order may be granted, but only upon an application for an extension is made in accordance with subsection (1) and the Competent Authority making the findings required by sub-section (4). The period of extension shall be no longer than the Competent Authority-deems necessary to achieve the purposes for which it, was granted and in no event for longer than sixty days at a time. Every order and extension, thereof shall contain a provision that the authorization to intercept any event shall be executed as soon as practicable and shall be conducted in such a way or manner as to minimize the interception of communications not otherwise subject to interception under this section and must terminate upon attainment of the authorized, objective, or in any event on expiry of the period of the order. In the event the intercepted communication is in a code or foreign language, and an expert in that foreign language-or code is nor reasonably available during the interception period, minimization may be accomplished as soon as practicable after such interception. An interception under this section may be conducted in whole or in part by public servant, or by an individual operating under a contract with the State Government, acting under the supervision of the investigative or law enforcement officer authorized to conduct the interception.

(9) Whenever an order authorizing interception is issued pursuant to this section, the order may require reports to be made to the Competent Authority who issued the order showing that progress has been made towards achievement of the authorized objective and the need for continued interception. Such reports shall be made at such intervals as the Competent Authority may require.

(10) Notwithstanding anything contained in any other provision of this section, an Officer not below the rank of Additional Director General of Police who reasonably determines that-

(a) an emergency situation exists that involves.

(i) immediate danger of death or serious physical injury to any person;

(ii) conspiratorial activities threatening the security or interest of the State; or

(iii) conspiratorial activities, characteristic of organized crime, that requires a wire, electronic or oral communication to be intercepted before an order from the Competent Authority authorizing such interception can, with due deligence, be obtained, and

(b) there are grounds upon which an order could be issued under this section to authorize such interception, may authorise, in writing, the investigating Police Officer to intercept such wire, electronic or oral communication, if an application for an order, approving the interception is made in accordance with the provisions. Of sub-sections (1) and (2) within forty-eight hours after the interception has occurred, or begins to occur.

(11) In the absence of an order approving the interception made under sub-section (10), such interception shall immediately terminate when the communication sought is obtained or when the application for the order is rejected, whichever is earlier. In the event where an application for permitting interception is rejected under sub-section (4) or an application under sub-section (10) for approval is rejected, or in any other case where the interception is terminated without an order having been issued, the contents of any wire, electronic or oral communication intercepted shall be treated as having been obtained in violation of this section.

(12) (a) The contents of any wire, electronic or oral communication intercepted by any means authorized by this section shall, if possible, be recorded on tape or wire or other comparable devise. Recording of the contents of any wire, electronic or oral communication under this sub-section shall be done in such a way as will protect the recording from editing or other alterations. Immediately upon the expiration of the period of order, or extension thereof, such recordings shall be made available to the Competent Authority issuing such order and shall be scaled under this directions. Custody of the recordings shall be wherever the Competent Authority orders. They shall not be destroyed except upon an order of the Competent Authority and in any event shall be kept for ten years.

(b) Applications made and orders issued under this section shall be sealed by the Competent Authority. Custody of the applications and orders shall be wherever the Competent Authority directs, and shall not be destroyed except on an order of the Competent Authority, and in any event shall be kept for ten years.

The Competent Authority upon the filing of a motion, may in his discretion make available to such person or his counsel for inspection such portions of the intercepted communications, applications and orders as the Competent Authority determines to be in the interest of justice.

(13) Notwithstanding anything in the Code or in any other law for the time being in force, the evidence collected through the interception of wire, electronic or oral communication under this section shall be admissible as evidence against the accused in the Court during the trial of a case.

Provided that, the contents of any wire, electronic or oral communication intercepted pursuant to this section or evidence derived there from shall not be received in evidence or otherwise disclosed in any trial, hearing or other proceeding in any court unless each party, not less than ten days before trial, hearing or proceeding, has been furnished with a copy of the order of the Competent Authority, and accompanying application, under which the interception was authorised or approved :

Provided further that, this ten days period may be waived by the judge, trying the matter, if he finds that it was not possible to furnish the party with the above information ten days before the trial, hearing or proceeding and that the party will not be prejudiced by the delay in receiving such information. 

Explanation.--For the purposes of this section—

(a) 'write communication" means any aural transfer made in whole

or part through the use of facilities for the transmission of communications by the aid of wire, cable or other like connection between (he point of origin and the point of connection, between the point of origin and (he point of reception (including the use of such connection in switching station) and such term includes any electronic storage of such communication;

(b) ‘oral communication’ means any oral communication uttered by a person exhibiting an expectation that such communication is not subject to interception under circumstances justifying such expectation but such terms does not include any electronic communication;

(c) "electronic communication' means any transfer of signs, 'signals,' writings, images, sounds, data or intelligence of any nature transmitted in whole or in part by a wire, radio, electromagnetic, photo electronic or photo optical system that affects inland or foreign commerce but does not include—

(i) The radio portion of a cordless telephone communication-that is transmitted between the wireless telephone hand-set and the base unit;

(ii) any wire or oral communication;

(iii) any communication made through a tone only paging device; or

(iv) any communication from a tracking device;

(d) ‘intercept’ means the aural or other acquisition of the contents by wire, electronic or oral communication through the use of any electronic, mechanical or other device. 

15. Constitution of Review Committee for review of authorisation orders.

(1) There shall be a Review Committee to review every order passed by the Competent Authority under section 14.

(2) The Review Committee shall consist of the following ex officio members namely ;

(i) the Chief Secretary to Government, Chairman.

(ii) the additional Chief Secretary or the senior most Principal Secretary as the case may be, in the Home Department…Member.

(iii) Principal Secretary or Secretary and Remembrancer of Legal Affairs, Law and Judiciary Department…Member.

(3) Every order passed by the Competent Authority under section 14. placed before the Review Committee, shall be considered by the

Review Committee within ten days after its receipt, to decide whether the order, authorising or approving the application under subsection (4) of section 14, for interception or disapproving the interception made under sub-section (10) of that section in emergency situation, passed by the Competent Authority was necessary, reasonable and justified.

(4) The Review Committee, after examining the entire record and holding such enquiry, if any, deemed necessary may, by order in writing. either approve the order passed by the Competent Authority or may issue order disapproving by the same. On issue of an order of disapproval by the Review Committee, the interception, if any, already commenced shall be fortwith discontinued. The intercepted communication, if any, in the form of tape, wire or other device shall, thereupon, not be admissible as evidence in any case and shall be directed to be destroyed. 

16. Interception and disclosure of wire, electronic or oral communications prohibited.

Except as otherwise specifically provided in section 14, any police officer who—

(a) intentionally intercepts, endeavours to intercept, or procures any other person to intercept or endeavour to intercept any wire, electronic or oral communication;

(b) intentionally uses; endeavours to use, Or procures any other person to use or endeavours to use any electronic, mechanical or other device to intercept any oral communication when-

(i) such device is affixed to, or otherwise transmits a signal through a wire, cable, or other like connection used in wire communication; or

(ii) such device transmits communications by radio, or interferes with the transmission of such communication;

(c) intentionally discloses, or endeavours to disclose, to any other person the contents of any wire, electronic or oral communication, knowing or having reason to know that the information was obtained through the interception of a wire, electronic or oral communication in violation of this sub-section;

(d) intentionally uses, or endeavours to use, the contents of any wire, electronic or oral communication, knowing or having reason to know that the information was obtained through the interception of a wire, electronic or oral communication in violation of this subsection; or

(e) (i) intentionally discloses, or endeavours to disclose, to any other person the contents of any wire, electronic or oral communication, intercepted by means authorized by section 14;

(ii) knowing or having reason to know that the information was obtained through the interception of such a communication in connection with a criminal investigation under this Act;

(iii) having obtained or received the information in connection with a criminal investigation; and

(iv) with intent to improperly obstruct, impede, or interfere with a duly authorised criminal investigation; or

(f) intentionally continues the interception of wire, electronic or oral communication after the issue of an order of disapproval by the Review Committee under sub-section (4) of section 15, shall for such violation be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year and with fine upto rupees fifty thousand. 

17. Special Rules of evidence.

(1) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in the Code, or the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, for the purpose of trial and punishment for offences under this Act or connected offences, the Court may take into consideration as having probative value, the fact that the accused was,--

(a) on any previous occasion bound under section 107 or section 110 of the Code;

(b) detained under any law relating to preventive detention; or

(c) on any previous occasion was prosecuted in the Special Court under this Act.

(2) Where it is proved that any person involved in an organised crime or any person on his behalf is or has at any time been in possession of movable or immovable property which he cannot satisfactorily account for, the Special Court shall, unless contrary is proved, presume that such property or pecuniary resources have been acquired or derived by his illegal activities.

(3) Where it is proved that the accused has kidnapped or abducted any person, the Special Court shall presume that it was for ransom. 

18. Certain confessions made to police officer to be taken into consideration.

(1) Notwithstanding anything in the Code or in the Indian Evidence Act 1872, but subject to the provisions of this section, a confession made by a person before a police officer not below the rank of the Superintendent of Police and recorded by such police officer either in writing or on any mechanical devices like cassettes, tapes or sound tracks from which sounds or images can be reproduced, shall be admissible in the trial of such person or co-accused, abettor or conspirator:

Provided that, the co-accused, abettor or conspirator is charged and tried in the same case together with the accused.

(2) The confession shall be recorded in a free atmosphere in the same language in which the person is examined and as narrated by him.

(3) The Police Officer shall, before recording any confession under sub-section (1), explain to the person making it that he is not bound to make a confession and that, if he does so, it may be used as evidence against him and such police officer shall not record any such confession unless upon questioning the person making it, he is satisfied that it is being made voluntarily. The concerned police officer shall, after recording such voluntary confession, certify in writing below the confession about his personal satisfaction of the voluntary character of such confession, putting the dace and time of the same.

(4) Every confession recorded under sub-section (1) shall be sent forthwith to the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate or the Chief Judicial Magistrate having jurisdiction over the area in which such confession has been recorded and such Magistrate shall forward the recorded confession so receive to the Special Court which may take cognizance of the offence.

(5) The person from whom a confession has been recorded under sub-section (I) shall also be produced before the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate or the Chief Judicial Magistrate to whom the confession is required to be sent under sub-section (4) alongwith the original statement of confession, written or recorded on mechanical device without unreasonable delay.

(6) The Chief Metropolitan Magistrate or the Chief Judicial Magistrate shall scrupulously record the statement, if any, made by the accused so produced and get his .signature and in case of any complaint of torture, the person shall be directed to be produced for medical examination before a Medical Officer not lower in rank than of an Assistant Civil Surgeon.

Note 4

These are most important provisions in this Act. Though the bowers have been granted to police to intercept the messages by various methods, the Government has retained with it ultimate reviewing bowers. Against the unnecessary harassment of innocent persons, it is made essential in every case to obtain orders from the competent authority. Further, a committee to review every order bassed by the competent authority has been provided. It is a precaution carefully provided by the lawmakers to have check at every stage, against the misuse of law. Because, interception of messages is multi-faceted weapon and any possibility that at same stage it can be misused can not be ignored. Therefore it is essential to have control over the machinery who are allowed by law to use these methods to obtain information. 

19. Protection of Witness,

(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code, the proceeding under this Act may be held in Camera, if the Special Court so desires;:

(2) A Special Court may, on an application made by a witness in any proceeding before it or by the Public Prosecutor in relation to such witness or on its own motion, take such measures as it deems fit for keeping the identity and address of any witness secret.

(3) In particular, and without prejudice to the generality of the provisions of sub-section (2), the measures which a Special Court may take under that sub-section may include,-- (a) the holding of the proceedings at